The Emergence of Formal Government: The twelfth century saw a shift across northwestern Europe from the predominantly local, informal power arrangements typical of customary law to formal government organized along bureaucratic lines. In England the key reign was that of Henry II (1154-89), when the royal treasury (the Exchequer) and permanent royal courts (the Courts of the King’s Bench and of Common Pleas) became established in Westminster, a suburb of London. Previously the king’s court had been itinerant, i.e., it met wherever the king happened to be. The creation of these permanent institutions was part of Henry’s thorough re-organization of royal justice, which expanded both geographically throughout the country and socially, across all classes from freemen (see below) up to the highest-ranking nobles—previously the only ones to have regular recourse to the king’s court. Serfs, however, were still excluded. Despite this initial exclusion, royal justice gradually undermined the independence of local lords, whose men, both noble vassals and serfs, increasingly escaped lordly control as they sought the right to take their cases directly to the royal courts.

Freemen: In-between lords and serfs were freemen. Though still often recognizing a local lord’s authority in military and judicial matters, freemen held some of their lands ‘freely’ and leased other lands from landlords, but in return for rent payments rather than any kind of personal service. Probably not very numerous before ca. 1200 CE, freemen thereafter expanded as a social category, absorbing all of the former serfs by the end of the Middle Ages (ca. 1500 CE). As feudalism and manorialism declined over the later Middle Ages, the class of freemen and freely-held property both gradually became the new normal. These two aspects of ‘freedom,’ personal and tenurial, developed in tandem with the rise of the state, because both required a central authority capable of guaranteeing ordinary people’s rights, as Magna Carta suggests was already beginning to be the case by 1215.

The Birth of Common Law. The expanded system of royal justice that emerged in the late 1100s and the norms it upheld came to be called the ‘Common Law,’ which at first meant simply the law that was the same, or ‘common,’ throughout the country, as opposed to the diversity of regional or local law. Yet this emerging body of national law did not set out to change legal norms themselves; instead the Common Law was conservative in terms of the substantive law, incorporating without radical change many of the customary norms of the law of crime, family, property, and inheritance. The Common Law was very innovative, however, in terms of procedure: it emphasized written documentation (focused above all on royal ‘writs,’ on which see below), the peaceful resolution of disputes, the use of local juries to establish both law and fact, and a clear hierarchy of courts.

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Common Law as Customary or Case Law. The key feature of both English and American versions of Common Law is their heavy reliance on judicial precedent, or case law, as a means of determining what the law is. Because judicial decisions tend both to recognize tradition and to adjust incrementally to evolving social values and popular understandings, Common Law may be understood as a sophisticated type of customary law, notwithstanding its use of written documentation.

Common Law vs Civil Law, etc. As the foundation of the legal traditions of English-speaking countries, Common Law is often contrasted with the Civil Law traditions of continental Europe, which like their Roman law model are based on theoretically comprehensive ‘legal codes,’ and which (again in theory) leave judges with less discretion in deciding cases. Within Anglophone countries, Common Law in the sense of customary or case law may be contrasted with both statutory law, the law set out by legislative statutes, and, more recently, with regulatory law (the regulations made by executive branch agencies). Historically, this ‘judge-made law’ (sometimes described pejoratively as ‘legislating from the bench’) preceded statutory law in the modern sense by about a century, because England’s first distinct legislative institution emerged only with the establishment of Parliament under Edward I (1272-1307). Despite these contrasts, however, case law also overlaps with statutory and regulatory law, because some laws and regulations merely codify existing practice. Conversely, many statutes or regulations that are at first innovative eventually become incorporated into judicial precedents and customary understandings.

The Grand Jury and the Possessory Assizes

A) The Grand Jury: The Assize of Clarendon, 1166

Henry II’s most important innovation may have been the establishment of the Grand Jury, which created a coherent system for prosecuting crime based on the cooperation of local communities with royal judges (or ‘justices’) and the central royal courts. This edict describes its basic operation.

[1] “King Henry, by the counsel of all his barons, for the preservation of peace and the observing of justice, has decreed that an inquest shall be made throughout the separate counties, and throughout the separate hundreds [subdivisions of the county], through twelve of the more lawful men of the hundred, and through four of the more lawful men of each township, who upon oath will speak the truth about: whether in their hundred or in their township there is any man who…is publicly reputed as being a robber or murderer or thief; or anyone who harbors robbers or murderers or thieves. And both the [itinerant royal] Justices and the sheriffs shall make inquests in this way. [Then the accused must answer]…

[11] “No one in a city or borough or castle or elsewhere shall forbid the sheriffs from coming into their land or soc [area of jurisdiction] to take those who have been charged or publicly reputed as being robbers or murderers or thieves…

[18] “And all sheriffs shall cause a register to be kept of all fugitives who shall flee from their counties; and this they shall do before the county assemblies. They shall write down and carry their names to the Justices, so that they may be sought for throughout all England, and their chattels [moveable goods] may be taken for the service of the king.”

B) The Writ of Mort d’Ancestor, Northampton, 1176

The reforms that directly concerned property law (known as the possessory assizes) were based on the use of royal writs, brief written orders from the king—though actually written by his officials—to initiate lawsuits. A number of stereotyped writs that resemble fill-in-the-blank forms were developed, each of which addressed a common type of legal case. Any freeman could purchase a writ to start a lawsuit against another party, for example to recover property. By this means the royal courts could handle different kinds of legal business for a wide range of litigants. The two key writs excerpted here are often credited with undermining lordly power and helping to create something more like modern property rights. The first, the writ of Mort d’Ancestor, began a legal action concerning inheritance upon the death of one’s predecessor.

[1] “If any freeholder has died, let his heirs remain possessed of such seisin [lawful possession] as their father had in his fee [fief or landed estate] on the day of his death; and let them have his chattels [moveable property] from which they may execute the dead man’s will. And afterwards let them seek out his lord and pay him a relief [inheritance tax] and the other things which they ought to pay him from the fee. [2] And if the heir be under age, let the lord of the fee receive his homage [promise of fidelity or vassalage] and keep him in wardship [guardianship] so long as he ought… [3] And let the widow of the deceased have her dower and that portion of his chattels which belongs to her.

[4] “And if the lord of the fee denies the heirs of the deceased the seisin they claim, the king’s justices should call an inquisition to be made by twelve lawful men as to what seisin the deceased held on the day of his death. And according to the result of the inquest let restitution be made to his heirs. And if anyone shall do anything contrary to this and shall be convicted of it, let him remain at the king’s mercy.”

C) The Writ of Novel Disseisin, 1189

This writ, or royal order, began a legal action to reverse a recent dispossession. It constituted one of the two key methods by which the king rapidly extended his jurisdiction over virtually all property disputes (except those among serfs, who would remain subject to their manorial lords for another century or two). Together with the Grand Jury and the writ of Mort d’Ancestor, it helped to outlaw virtually all non-royal acts of violence. It thus gave the royal government what Max Weber considered an essential attribute of any effective state: a monopoly over (legitimate) violence. This writ is first described in the first textbook of the new Common Law, known as Glanvill, which was written in about 1189, in ch. 13:

“The king to the sheriff, greeting. —[name of plaintiff]— has complained to me that ——[name of accused]—unjustly and without a judgment has disseised [dispossessed] him of his free tenement [landed estate] in —-[name of place]—–. Therefore I command you that, if the plaintiff gives you security for prosecuting his claim, you are to see that the chattels [moveable property] which were taken from the tenement are restored to it, and that the tenement and the chattels remain in peace until —[date]—. And meanwhile you are to see that the tenement is viewed by twelve free and lawful men of the neighborhood, and that their names are endorsed on this writ. And summon them to appear before my justices on —[date]—, ready to make their recognition [testimony], together with the accused or his bailiff [representative] if he himself cannot be found.”

Smith and Wesson serial number search Is there a website where I can find out the age of my used S&W revolver by serial number search? I know this exists for other brands (my Remington shotgun), but couldn't find anything like that for Smiths. The left sid eof the barrel states ' 38 S & W SPECIAL U.S. SERVICE CTG'S' The top of the barrel reads ' SMITH & WESSON SPRINGFILED MASS USA PAT'D APRIL 9, 89 MARCH 27, 94 MAY 21, 96 JULY 16, 95 AUG 4, 96 DEC 22, 96 OCT 4, 98 OCT 8, 01 DEC 17, 01' The only other marings on the gun are the five digit serial number on the butt of the gun and the S & W trade mark symbol near the hammer.

The Victory Model Smith and Wesson .38 Caliber Revolver

The revolvers of the U.S. armed forces have always been under appreciated by collectors, the good news is that makes them relatively inexpensive to acquire, but this is changing. At a recent trip to the 2003 Louisville gun show I noticed prices on Victory revolvers had increased noticeably. That being said you might want to consider adding a few Victory models to your USGI collection. Best offline diary app.

While the information I provide below can be helpful please see the list on the bottom of this page for reference material you should have if you are going to collect these historical pieces . The Victory model revolvers participated in various roles from guard duty to riding in a shoulder holster with fighter and bomber pilots. I have talked to many ex-military personnel that carried them as late as the 1980s, as you can see these pistols played a significant part of our history. To this day the Victory model is a very enjoyable shooting collectible, mainly due to its inexpensive cost, light recoil, and good accuracy.
Enjoy and happy collecting, Ty

The Victory model was so named for the 'V' prefix which was placed before the serial number and represented 'Victory' against the Axis powers in World War II.

Serial numbers for the .38 special Victory model began at about V1 in early 1942 and ran until VS811119 with a date of late August of 1945 (end of production). V1 to approximately V39,999 were predominately .38 S&W Caliber (I have observed revolvers in the 1-40000 range in .38 special caliber). Serial numbers are located on Inside right grip, frame butt, Cylinder, extractor star, and bottom of barrel. Crane and crane recess are also serial numbered to each other, but this is a different number then the revolvers serial number as is correct for Victory model revolvers.

The Victory Revolver was produced during World War II, it is a variation of the Military & Police Model of 1905, fourth change and had the following characteristics between 1942 and 1945:

Barrel: 2, 4, 5, or 6 inch. (4 inch common in .38 special, 5 inch common in 38/200 or .38 S&W)
Sights: Fixed
Finish: Early sandblast blue, sandblast mid-night black (appears grayish black). And finally a parkerized finish. Hammer and Trigger are case hardened.
GripsActivate psn card yourself. : Checkered walnut with medallion until early 1942, post February of 1942 they are smooth American Walnut with out medallions.

Ordnance acceptance marks:
The acceptance mark varies with the particulars of the order placed. With U.S. Navy orders you will find no acceptance marks on the original two contracts they placed. On later Navy revolvers, ordered through the Army they will be found with the more typical Army G.H.D. acceptance mark. Below you will find some of the common stamps with links to examples.

W.B. - The acceptance mark of Ordnance officer Waldemar Bromberg is located on the butt (to about serial number V145000). Just to the right of the acceptance mark (W.B.) is usually found an ordnance bomb and proof mark. The 'P' proof mark indicates this revolver has passed military proof testing. EXAMPLE – Click Here

G.H.D – From approximately 1942 to about May 1943 the acceptance mark of Ordnance officer Guy H. Drewry is found on the butt. From approximately V300000 to end of production G.H.D is found on the left top strap; EXAMPLE – Click Here

Property marks:
The most common property marks found on the Victory model are the UNITED STATES PROPERTY, US PROPERTY, and the US NAVY markings.

UNITED STATES PROPERTY – Found on left top strap to approximately V300000 and on the M&Ps pre Victory. Applied at the S&W factory. Example - Click Here

Smith And Wesson Serial Number Search Site

U.S. PROPERTY – The property mark was shortened to 'U.S. PROPERTY' at about serial number V300000. At this time the G.H.D acceptance mark was moved from the butt to the left top strap with the property mark. Applied at the S&W factory. EXAMPLE – Click Here

U.S. NAVY – Found on the revolvers left top strap as per the two Navy contracts. Jo nesbo the bat. The Navy also applied a Property mark on the left side plate on some revolvers; these were filled in with red paint. This is not an S&W applied marking. EXAMPLE – Click Here and Here for the Navy applied mark.

Victory models have also been produced with out property marks, these revolvers were probably delivered by the U.S. Defense Supply Corporation (DSC) to defense contractors and public agencies that required them for guarding war sensitive materials.

Other common markings:
S - Revolvers that have the 'S' marking on the right side plate as well as before the serial number on the butt have the improved hammer block installed. If the 'S' in the serial number on the butt appears to be machine applied this would indicate it was produced with improved hammer block, and that it was not added later or it would have been hand stamped. The improved hammer block was put into production after an accidental discharge killed a sailor during World War II. This improved hammer block is still utilized in today's commercial Smith and Wesson revolvers. EXAMPLE – Click Here

P – Proof marking. This can very depending on the contract. Navy marked pistols usually have none. But C.W. Pates books indicate that some delivered under an Army contract could be found with a P mark. Post the V400,000 serial number range they are located on the underside of the barrel, back of the cylinder and left side plate. The later appear to be Army Supply Program contract revolvers. EXAMPLE – Click Here

Serial Numbers:
Serial numbers are located on the inside right grip, frame butt, Cylinder, extractor star, and bottom of grip. Serial numbers should be matching on all revolvers. Crane and Crane recess are also serial numbered to each other, but this is a different number then the revolvers serial number and is correct for Victory model revolvers.
Grip/StockEXAMPLE – Click Here
Barrel EXAMPLE – Click Here
Cylinder EXAMPLE – Click Here
Extractor Start EXAMPLE – Click Here
Butt EXAMPLE – Click Here

Production:
38/200 British Service Revolver (S&W Caliber) - There were over 571,629 of these models produced between October 1941 and May 1945 for the British Common wealth countries. These countries include the Union of South Africa (21,347), Canada (45,328), and Australia (8,000). The remaining 384,100 shipped between 1941 and the end of World War II were supplied by the U.S. Army Ordnance through the lend lease program to Britain for distribution.

S W Serial Number Information

Victory model 38 Special – 352,000 shipped to the Army and Navy. Some of these were shipped to a commission responsible for supplying the civilian industries. They will usually have no property marks. Uses included guarding factories, ports, and federal/local government agencies.

Note: You can find all kinds of variations, with additional war and post war markings. These include rebuild markings, country ownership markings, unit markings, and much more. For a complete listing see the books referenced below.

Recommended reading:
US Handguns of WW II - The Secondary Pistols and Revolvers by Charles W. Pate
Americas Right Arm - The S&W Military and Police Revolver by John Henwood
Smith and Wesson 1857 - 1945 by Robert J. Neal and Roy G. Jinks

The Smith & Wesson Model 686 is a six- or seven-shot double-actionrevolver manufactured by Smith & Wesson and chambered for the .357 Magnumcartridge; it will also chamber and fire .38 Special cartridges. Smith & Wesson introduced the Model 686 in 1981. It is the stainless steel version of the Model 586, which featured a blued steel finish. They are available ported and unported with a choice of 6- or 7-round cylinders.^[1]

The Model 686 is based on S&W's L (medium) revolver frame. During the 1980s, Smith & Wesson developed its L-Frame line of .357 Magnums: the Model 581, Model 586, Model 681 and Model 686. The Models 581 and 681 have fixed sights, whereas the 586 and 686 use adjustable sights.^[2]

Variants of the 686[edit]

The 686 has been available with 64, 76, 102, 127, 152, and 211 mm (2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8.325 in) barrel lengths as standard models and other barrel lengths either by special order from S&W's Performance Center custom shop, or acquired from or built by after-market gunsmiths. The Performance Center made a limited number of Model 686s chambered for .38 Super cartridges for competitive shooters.^[1]

The 686 features a 6-round cylinder. The 686P variant, marketed as the Model 686 Plus, has a 7-round cylinder. The 686PP variant, with PP designating PowerPort, has an integral compensator (also known as a muzzle brake).

The 686 has been made with pistol grips having a squared or rounded end (colloquially, 'square butt' or 'round butt'). The grips on the pistol can be changed, and multiple after-market options are available.

The Model 686 has an adjustable rear sight, and until 1992, the 152 and 211 mm (6 and 8.325 in) versions had the option of an adjustable front sight. They had Goncalo alveshardwood grips until 1994, when the grip was replaced by a rubber Hogue grip.^[1]

Through the years, there have been several variations on the Model 686. The Model 686 Classic Hunter was introduced in 1988 and has a 150 mm (6 in) barrel and a non-fluted cylinder; the Model 686 Black Stainless was introduced in 1989 and has either a 100 or 150 mm (4 or 6 in) barrel with a black finish, with production limited to 5000; the Model 686 National Security Special was introduced in 1992 and has a 76 or 102 mm (3 or 4 in) barrel; the Model 686 Target Champion was introduced in 1992 and has a 150 mm (6 in) match-grade barrel, adjustable trigger stop, and walnut grips; the Model 686 Power Port was introduced in 1994 and has a ported 150 mm (6 in) barrel; the Model 686 Plus was introduced in 1996 and has a 64, 76, 102, or 152 mm (2.5, 3, 4, or 6 in) barrel, adjustable sights, 7-shot cylinder, and Hogue rubber grips. As with all current Smith & Wesson revolvers, the 686 Plus now has a key lock integral to the frame of the gun.^[1]

Engineering and production changes[edit]

• 686 (no dash), 1981 Introduction model
• 686-1, 1986 radius stud package, floating hand
• 686-2, 1987 changed hammer nose, bushing and associated parts
• 686-3, 1988 new yoke retention system
• 686-4, 1993 change rear sight leaf, drill and tap frame, change extractor, Hogue grips
• 686-5, 1997 change frame design to eliminate cylinder stop stud, eliminate serrated tangs, MIM hammer and trigger, change internal lock.
• 686-6, 2001 internal lock
• 686-7, 2003 Performance Center .38 Super, 6-Shot unfluted cylinder, 4' barrel, Stainless Steel, 250 Made

Gallery[edit]

Users[edit]

• France – Used by GIGN during amphibious operations.^[3]
• Norway – The 3'-barreled version with Goncalo alveshardwood-grip was used as a sidearm in the alien immigrant-branches of the Norwegian Police Service by individual plainclothes officers during the early 1990s.^{[citation needed]}
• United States – Used by U.S. Border Patrol.^{[citation needed]} Used by legacy U.S. Customs Service.^{[citation needed]} Used by the legacy U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service^{[citation needed]} Used by U.S. Navy SEALs during waterborne missions.^[4] Used by some smaller police departments and by individual officers in larger departments, especially in marine environments.^[5]
• Luxembourg – Used by the Luxembourg Grand Ducal Police as duty weapon from the 1980s through 2017 when it was replaced by the HK VP9.^[6]
• United States - Used by the Oso Grande 4x4 Posse as an approved weapon for posse members preferring a revolver. Some twenty revolvers were acquired in the early 2000's as issue/approved weapons.

Recall[edit]

S&p 500 Today

In 1987, seven years after the release of the Model 686, there were reports of cylinder binding with some types of standard .357 Magnum ammunition for L-frame revolvers manufactured before August 1987. S&W put out a product warning and authorized a no-charge upgrade to make modifications to the revolver. All recalled and reworked guns were stamped with an M marking, signifying that they had been recalled and fixed; thus it is known as the M modification for all 686, 686-1, 586-1, and 586-2 revolvers.^[7]

S&w 38 Special Ctg Serial Number Lookup Online

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdSupica, Jim; Richard Nahas (2007). Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson (3 ed.). F+W Media, Inc. pp. 331–363. ISBN978-0-89689-293-4.
2. ^Boorman, Dean K. (2002). The History of Smith & Wesson Firearms. Globe Pequot. p. 119. ISBN978-1-58574-721-4.
3. ^Jim Supica (2011). Standard Catalog of Smith & Wesson 3rd. Iola, wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 343. ISBN978-1-4402-2700-4.
4. ^Chalker, Denny; Dockery, Kevin (2009). One Perfect Op. New York: Harper Collins. p. 104. ISBN978-0-06-175129-5.
5. ^Sweeney, Patrick (2011). The Gun Digest Book of Smith & Wesson. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. p. 104. ISBN978-1-4402-2714-1.
6. ^'So sieht die neue Pistole der Police Grand-Ducale aus'. L'Essentiel. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
7. ^Product Warning, Popular Mechanics, January 1988, p. 11.

External links[edit]

Smith Wesson Ctg Serial Number